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Effect of hemoglobin and oxygen saturation on adverse outcomes in children with tetralogy of fallot: a retrospective observational study

BMC Anesthesiology volume 23, Article number: 346 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a common cyanotic congenital heart malformation that carries a high risk of right-to-left shunting. Anemia is characterized by decreased hemoglobin (Hb) levels that can affect tissue oxygen delivery and impact postoperative recovery in patients. Chronic hypoxia caused by right-to-left shunting of TOF could lead to compensatory increases in Hb to maintain systemic oxygen balance. This study aims to investigate whether preoperative Hb and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) can predict adverse outcomes in children undergoing corrective surgery for TOF.

Methods

This retrospective study included patients under 18 years of age who underwent corrective surgery for TOF at Fuwai Hospital between January 2016 and December 2018. Adverse outcomes, including in-hospital death, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation implantation, ICU stay > 30 days, and severe complications, were considered as the primary outcome. Univariable and multivariable logistic analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors for adverse outcomes. Propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis was also conducted to minimize the confounding factors.

Results

A total of 596 children were included in the study, of which 64 (10.7%) experienced adverse outcomes. Hb*SpO2 < aaHb was identified as an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes (OR = 2.241, 95% CI = 1.276–3.934, P = 0.005) after univariable and multivariable logistic analyses. PSM analysis further confirmed the association between Hb*SpO2 < aaHb and adverse outcomes. Patients with Hb*SpO2 < aaHb had a significantly higher incidence of postoperative adverse outcomes, longer time of mechanical ventilation, and hospital stay, as well as higher in-hospital costs.

Conclusions

Hb*SpO2 < aaHb is significantly associated with adverse outcomes in children undergoing corrective surgery for TOF. Clinicians can use this parameter to early identify high-risk children and optimize their postoperative management.

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Background

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a common cyanotic congenital heart defect (CHD) and characterized by ventricular septal defect, pulmonary artery stenosis, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy [1]. Despite the significant innovations and advancements in surgical technique, organ protection, and medical management that have made patients can benefit from TOF repair surgeries in the past decades, postoperative complications still impose a great burden on morbidity and mortality, including heart failure, malignant arrhythmia, low cardiac output syndrome, respiratory failure, severe renal failure and so on. Early identification of patients at high-risk of adverse outcomes is crucial for clinicians to provide comprehensive medical management and optimize resource allocation. Anemia is a common condition among patients undergoing cardiac surgery, decreased hemoglobin (Hb) levels can compromise tissue oxygen delivery, leading to tissue hypoxia and organ dysfunction [2]. Patients with TOF are at risk of right-to-left shunting, which can cause tissue hypoxia and present with cyanosis. Chronic hypoxia can trigger compensatory increases in Hb levels to maintain systemic oxygen homeostasis [3]. Preoperative Hb and SpO2 are all cheap and simple-to-obtain parameters in clinical routine. Therefore, we hypothesize that preoperative Hb and oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels may serve as predictors for postoperative adverse outcomes in children undergoing corrective surgery for TOF.

Methods

This is a retrospective observational study and the report meets the requirements of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement (seen in Additional file 1). The study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Fuwai Hospital (NO.2023–2045), with a waiver of informed consent. All procedures were conducted in line with Fuwai Hospital regulations and guidelines. The methods conformed to the standards of the Institutional Ethics Committee, as well as the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and its amendments. The study included patients (age < 18 y) who underwent corrective surgery for TOF at Fuwai Hospital between January 2016 and December 2018. Patients were excluded if they met any of the following criteria: (1) missing data for preoperative Hb and SpO2; (2) confounding factors related to adverse outcomes, such as previous palliative surgery, complex cardiac defects (e.g., complete endocardial cushion defect, double-outlet right ventricle, right ventricular outflow tract stenosis, pulmonary hypertension), or combined with the genetic syndrome; (3) abnormal ventilation, including preoperative mechanical ventilation or ventilation with laryngeal mask during surgery; (4) emergency surgery. Data associated with surgeries were collected from the electric medical record system. The basic demographic data included gestational age, surgical age, sex, weight, height, body surface area (BSA), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), cardiac defects, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification (ASA class), and blood routine test results. BSA was calculated by the following formulation: BSA = 0.0061 × height [cm] + 0.0128 × weight [kg] − 0.1529. The operative data included cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, aortic cross-clamp (ACC) time, minimum temperature (Tmin) during CPB, blood loss, and transfusion and infusion volumes. All patients were followed up until discharge, researchers also need to record postoperative outcomes.

Chronic hypoxia can lead to a reactive increase of hemoglobin (Hb) to maintain the tissue oxygen supply. Since the physical dissolved oxygen is rare, we used non-invasive oxygen saturation (SpO2) to calculate arterial oxygen content (CaO2). The formulation of CaO2 is: CaO2(ml/dl) = 1.39(ml/g) × Hb(g/dl) × SpO2(%) ÷ 100. Due to the risk of right to left shunt for TOF patients, they might experience chronic hypoxia and exhibit cyanosis. We hypothesize that if preoperative Hb can sufficiently compensate for hypoxia and achieve an adequate CaO2 level (1.39 * Preoperative Hb * preoperative SpO2 ≥ 1.39 * Normal Hb * normal SpO2), the risk of postoperative adverse outcome could be significantly reduced. The normal Hb (aaHb) value varies by age, with the lower limits for neonatal hemoglobin being 14.5 g/dl, 2 months being 9 g/dl, 6 months being 10.5 g/dl, 2 years being 11.5 g/dl, adolescent girls being 12 g/dl, and adolescent boys being 13 g/dl. The normal range for SpO2 is 95–100%, the maximum value of SpO2 (100%) was used to calculate the normal CaO2. Finally, we simplified the formulation and hypothesized that preoperative Hb * SpO2 < aaHb could be associated with postoperative adverse outcomes in children with TOF.

The adverse outcome was selected as the primary outcome and which is a composite outcome, it was defined as in-hospital death, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation implantation, intensive care unit (ICU) > 30 days, severe complications that were life-threatening [4], including extubation failure, thromboembolic events, significant cardiac disorders, severe cerebrovascular accident, and severe renal failure. Extubation failure was defined as an extubation failure within 120 h after surgery or reintubation within 24 h after extubation. The secondary outcomes included mechanical ventilation time, acute kidney injury (AKI), length of ICU stay, postoperative hospital stay and hospital stay, and hospital costs. The definition of AKI was based on postoperative creatinine levels exceeding 1.5-fold of the baseline level.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were presented as medians with 25th and 75th percentiles and compared by Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages and compared by Chi-squared test. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors for adverse outcomes. As multivariate logistic regression typically requires a minimum of 5–10 positive events per variable [5, 6], this study has a sufficient sample size for the multivariate analysis. A collinearity test was conducted before multivariate analysis, and variables with tolerance < 0.1 or VIF > 10 show that there is a collinearity relationship between variables. Variables with a P-value < 0.1 in the univariable analysis or those deemed clinically relevant were included in the multivariable regression model using forward selection. Additionally, propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis was conducted to minimize the influence of confounding factors. The PSM was performed with a match tolerance of 0.01 and a matching ratio of 1:1 by nearest neighbor matching. All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS software version 25.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), and P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The workflow of the study is depicted in Fig. 1. 782 children underwent corrective surgery for TOF in Fuwai Hospital during the past 3 years. After the exclusion criteria, 596 patients were included in this study, of which 64 patients were in adverse outcomes and 532 patients were in the normal group. Additional file 2 described a summary of adverse outcomes and 4(0.6%) died in the hospital. We divided patients into two groups according to Hb*SpO2 < aaHb and Hb < aaHb (Table 1), respectively, Hb*SpO2 < aaHb are associated with a higher incidence of adverse outcome (15.2% vs. 7.2%, P < 0.05).

Fig. 1
figure 1

The Flowchart of the study

TOF, Tetralogy of Fallot; Hb, hemoglobin; SpO2, blood oxygen saturation; aaHb, normal Hb; PSM, Propensity score-matched

Full size image
Table 1 Association of preoperative hemoglobin with postoperative outcomes in patients
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To explore the relationship between Hb * SpO2 < aaHb and adverse outcomes after TOF corrective surgery, we divided patients into two groups based on adverse outcomes. Table 2 presented a descriptive result of all patients(n = 596), of which 363(60.9%) were male and 65(10.9%) were ASA class > III. The median surgical age was 9.6(6.9,14.7) months, the median weight was 8.5(7.5,10.0) kg, and the median height was 70(66,76) cm. The intraoperative results were as follows: 114 children underwent transannular patch(TAP) surgical technique and the others underwent valve-sparing technique, the median CPB and ACC time were 98(83,122) and 68(55,86) minutes, and with a minimum temperature of 30(28,30) °C. Compared with the patients with good outcomes, the patients with adverse outcomes were younger, shorter, weighed less, and had a lower BSA, SpO2, and absolute lymphocyte count, besides, they also had a longer CPB and ACC time, and lower minimum temperature. Importantly, patients with adverse outcomes had a higher incidence of Hb*SpO2 < aaHb than patients in the normal group (62.5% vs. 41.9%, P = 0.002).

Table 2 The demographic and perioperative information in patients
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Variables with P < 0.1 in univariate analysis or the clinically relevant were included into the multivariate logistic analysis. After the collinearity diagnostics, we eventually included age, PDA, SpO2 < 90%, Hb*SpO2 < aaHb, CPB time, ACC time, T min, Hb, lymphocyte and TAP into the multivariable analysis. Finally, SpO2 < 90%, Hb*SpO2 < aaHb, ACC time, and TAP were significantly associated with adverse outcomes. The OR value and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of all variables were shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyze
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To further control the confounding factors, we conducted a one-to-one PSM, and 86 cases with Hb*SpO2 < aaHb were matched with 86 cases with Hb*SpO2 ≥ aaHb (Table 4). The standardized mean difference of covariates was less than 10% and showed a good PSM matching. The basic characteristics of patients were not statistically different after PSM. The adjusted cohort was used to compare the postoperative outcomes (Table 5). Patients with Hb*SpO2 < aaHb had a significantly higher incidence of adverse outcomes (15.1% vs. 4.7%, P < 0.05), meanwhile, the length of hospital stay and in-hospital cost were also statistically higher than those with Hb*SpO2 ≥ aaHb. Although the incidence of AKI between the two groups was not statistically significant, patients with Hb*SpO2 < aaHb were still nominally higher.

Table 4 The demographic and perioperative data before and after PSM
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Table 5 Outcomes of the patients in two groups after PSM
Full size table

Discussion

CHD is the most common congenital malformation and can be classified into cyanotic and non-cyanotic CHD. TOF is a typical example of cyanotic CHD, accounting for 7-10% [7]. With the progress of the disease, the obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract worsened, the resistance of pulmonary circulation was greater than systemic circulation and which would induce the right to left shunt, allowing the unoxygenated blood flow directly enter the systemic circulation and resulting in cyanosis, SpO2 decreased, and systemic hypoxia [8]. Currently, corrective surgery is the primary treatment for TOF. Despite significant advancements in cardiac surgery technology, postoperative complications following TOF surgery remain a significant focus of perioperative management. Anemia is a common condition [9] among patients undergoing cardiac surgery and can impact oxygen-carrying capacity and tissue oxygenation [10], which would affect postoperative recovery. However, limited research has been conducted on anemia in pediatric CHD, and this study aims to explore whether preoperative anemia can predict adverse outcomes following pediatric corrective surgery for TOF.

As we know, Hb combines with oxygen of blood to form oxygenated Hb, which could transport oxygen to tissue cells and maintains a normal oxygen metabolic homeostasis. Due to the risk of right to left shunt in TOF patients, it would lead to cyanosis and chronic hypoxia as the condition worsen [11]. Chronic hypoxia triggers a compensatory increase of red blood cells and hemoglobin to maintain systemic oxygen balance [3]. Therefore, we hypothesize that if there is a reactive increase of preoperative Hb could compensate for hypoxia and maintain an oxygen balance, the hypoxic damage to systemic organs would be significantly reduced. Currently, there are no universally accepted criteria for anemia in children with CHD. Considering that the varying degrees of compensatory erythrocytosis and age can influence Hb levels in children, a fixed standard for anemia does not apply to CHD patients. The increase of red blood cell is negatively correlated with resting SpO2 [3, 12], Thus, we consider a preoperative Hb*preoperative SpO2 value lower than the normal Hb range as an indication of insufficient Hb concentration to maintain adequate oxygen supply and could be considered as anemia.

Several studies have demonstrated that preoperative anemia can increase morbidity and mortality, prolong ICU and hospital stay times in adult cardiac surgery [13, 14]. The pathophysiology basis of anemia is the reduction of oxygen-carrying capacity for Hb, which can result in tissue hypoxia and organ dysfunction [15]. Karkouti et al. found that anemia can affect the renal oxygen supply, aggravate oxidative stress reactions, and ultimately lead to acute kidney injury [16]. In our study, although the incidence of AKI was not statistically significant, patients with Hb*SpO2 < aaHb still exhibited a nominally higher incidence than those with Hb*SpO2 ≥ aaHb (19.8% vs. 14.0%, Table 5). Apart from as a new standard for anemia in TOF children, Hb*SpO2 < aaHb can also assist to reflect the balance of oxygen supply and demand. Under normal physiological conditions, oxygen delivery and consumption maintain a dynamic equilibrium [17]. When oxygen delivery gradually decreases to a certain extent, oxygen consumption also decreases, which can exacerbate hypoxic damage to systemic organs, particularly vulnerable tissues such as the brain, kidneys, and myocardial cells. Tissue oxygen delivery is directly related to CaO2, which primarily depends on Hb [18]. According to methodological descriptions, we used SpO2 to calculate CaO2(as mentioned above in Methods), and the simplified formulation of Hb*SpO2 < aaHb could reflect CaO2 is insufficient to maintain a systemic metabolic balance, which could increase the incidence of adverse outcomes, prolonged mechanical ventilation time, and hospital stay time. Moreover, anemia can trigger a series of compensatory reactions [19], such as tachycardia, vasodilation, increased cardiac output, etc. Patients who underwent cardiac surgery have a limited cardiac reserve capacity, the reduced oxygen delivery or increased oxygen consumption can lead to cardiac ischemia and elevate the risk of adverse events. Our results also confirmed this viewpoint in Table 5.

In this study, we retrospectively collected the perioperative data of children after corrective surgery for TOF. By comparing the relationship between preoperative Hb and clinical outcome, we found that Hb * SpO2 < aaHb was related to adverse outcomes (Table 1). Then we divided patients into two groups according to the postoperative outcome, Hb*SpO2 < aaHb was recognized as the independent risk factor for adverse outcomes after the univariable and multivariable logistic analysis (OR = 2.241, 95% CI = 1.276–3.934, P = 0.005). Finally, PSM was conducted to further reduce the influence of confounding factors, Hb * SpO2 < aaHb was significantly associated with a higher incidence of postoperative adverse outcomes (Table 5). This conclusion was consistent with other studies that preoperative anemia was linked with poor prognosis [14, 20]. Therefore, Hb * SpO2 < aaHb is suitable to early identify patients at high risk of adverse outcomes after TOF surgery. In addition, the elective repair surgery of TOF was proposed to conduct between 3 and 12 months of age [21], whereas there are 392(65.8%) children in the study under 12 months old, which may be due to the relatively poor economic level in our developing country and some patients only go to the hospital after experiencing severe symptoms. The in-hospital mortality for TOF surgery is 0.6% (Additional file 2) which is lower than other studies, which might be related to the strict inclusion and exclusion criteria and the fact that some patients died at home due to not receiving treatment for financial reasons.

Preoperative Hb*SpO2 < aaHb can early predict children at high-risk of adverse outcomes for corrective TOF surgery, optimizing SpO2 and Hb is important during perioperative management. For high-risk children, clinicians need to comprehensively evaluate their condition, engage in detailed preoperative discussions, and implement personalized medical management to optimize perioperative conditions. Furthermore, preoperative Hb*SpO2 < aaHb can also be an alterable factor during the perioperative period, clinicians can make efforts to optimize preoperative Hb levels before surgery, like limiting blood sampling and correcting coagulopathy to reduce blood loss, providing oral or intravenous iron to treat preoperative iron deficiency anemia, and even giving short-acting erythropoietin to further correct preoperative Hb levels if necessary. In addition, clinicians can also take measures to further optimize Hb, such as blood conservation techniques, sufficient hemostatic techniques, anticoagulant drugs to reduce bleeding, rational reduction of unnecessary intraoperative blood sampling to avoid blood waste and so on [23, 24]. Additionally, for children with severe hypoxia, clinicians can appropriately increase the partial pressure of oxygen to enhance tissue oxygen delivery. Nevertheless, prospective multicenter studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to determine whether the above measures can improve children’s prognosis after corrective surgery for TOF in the future.

Limitations

The study also has some limitations. Firstly, this is a single-center study that could induce selection bias and the results may not be applicable to other centers. Secondly, due to the retrospective design, we are unable to collect all the detailed information and control all confounding factors, Thirdly, we only explored the short-term outcomes and did not make a long-term follow-up, therefore, the relationship between Hb*SpO2 < aaHb and long-term outcomes remains unclear.

Conclusion

Preoperative Hb * SpO2 < aaHb is significantly associated with adverse outcomes for children undergoing corrective TOF surgery. Preoperative Hb * SpO2 is a cheap and simple-to-obtain variable and clinicians can utilize it to early identify children at high risk of poor prognosis.

Data Availability

The datasets generated or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to data protection policy in our hospital but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

aaHb:

Normal Hb

ACC:

Aortic cross-clamp

AKI:

Acute kidney injury

ASA class:

American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification

BSA:

Body surface area

CaO2:

Arterial oxygen content

CHD:

Congenital heart defect

CI:

Confidence intervals

CPB:

Cardiopulmonary bypass

Hb:

Hemoglobin

ICU:

Intensive care unit

PSM:

Propensity score-matched

SpO2:

Blood oxygen saturation

Tmin :

Minimum temperature

TAP:

Transannular patch

TOF:

Tetralogy of Fallot

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Acknowledgements

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (grant number 82000100).

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Author notes

  1. Fuxia Yan and Jie Ding contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China

    Qiao Liu, Xie Wu, Yinan Li, Hongbai Wang, Ran An, Dou Dou, Dongyun Bie, Yuan Jia, Su Yuan, Fuxia Yan & Jie Ding

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Contributions

FY, SY, YJ, and QL contributed to the conception of the study. XW, RA, DB, and DD collected the data and material. YL and HW checked the data. QL and JD conducted the statistical analysis. QL wrote the manuscript. FY, QL and JD participated into the article revision and submission. All authors read and approved the final submitted vision.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Fuxia Yan or Jie Ding.

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The retrospective observational study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Fuwai Hospital (NO.2023–2045) and waived the need for informed consent.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Liu, Q., Wu, X., Li, Y. et al. Effect of hemoglobin and oxygen saturation on adverse outcomes in children with tetralogy of fallot: a retrospective observational study. BMC Anesthesiol 23, 346 (2023). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12871-023-02290-y

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