Table 1 Study group characteristics and univariable analysis results for PPCs

Age ≥ 65 years, n (%)

162 (33.0)

143 (33.3)

19 (31.1)

0.743

Gender, n (%)

Male

279 (56.8)

251 (58.4)

28 (45.9)

0.067

BMI ≥ 24 kg/m^2, n (%)

157 (32.0)

144 (33.5)

13 (21.3)

0.059

Smoking status, n (%)

Former

38 (7.7)

33 (7.7)

5 (8.2)

0.980

Current

62 (12.6)

58 (13.5)

4 (6.6)

0.137

Alcohol abuse, n (%)

81 (16.5)

74 (17.2)

7 (11.5)

0.263

ASA ≥ 3, n (%)

97 (19.8)

80 (18.6)

17 (27.9)

0.101

Anaemia, n (%)

203 (41.3)

176 (40.9)

27 (44.3)

0.622

Hypoproteinemia, n (%)

109 (22.2)

93 (21.6)

16 (26.2)

0.426

Origin of tumor, n (%)

Primary tumor

90 (18.3)

80 (18.6)

10 (16.4)

ref

Secondry tumor from lung

126 (25.7)

117 (27.2)

9 (14.7)

0.314

Secondry tumor from others

275 (56.0)

233 (54.2)

42 (68.9)

0.329

Chemoradiotherapy, n (%)

82 (16.7)

72 (16.7)

10 (16.4)

0.945

Level of tumor, n (%)

Cervical

85 (17.3)

80 (18.5)

5 (8.2)

ref

Thoracic

178 (36.3)

140 (32.6)

38 (62.3)

0.003

Lumbar

141 (28.7)

128 (29.8)

13 (21.3)

0.373

Sacral

87 (17.7)

82 (19.1)

5 (8.2)

0.970

Type of surgery, n (%)

Decompression

19 (3.9)

18 (4.2)

1 (1.6)

ref

Tumor resection

89 (18.1)

77 (17.9)

12 (19.7)

0.337

Extensive resection

383 (78.0)

335 (77.9)

48 (78.7)

0.362

Type of anesthesia, n (%)

Intravenous inhalation combined anesthesia

384 (78.2)

335 (77.9)

49 (80.3)

0.665

Segments, n (%)

1–2

50 (10.2)

49 (11.4)

1 (1.6)

ref

3–7

411 (83.7)

356 (82.8)

55 (90.2)

0.047

≥7

30 (6.1)

25 (5.8)

5 (8.2)

0.042

Approach, n (%)

Anterior

58 (11.8)

54 (12.6)

4 (6.6)

ref

Posterior

409 (83.3)

357 (83.0)

52 (85.2)

0.210

Lateral

8 (1.6)

6 (1.4)

2 (3.3)

0.120

Combined

16 (3.3)

13 (3.0)

3 (4.9)

0.168

Blood loss (ml), median [IQR]

800 [400, 1,200]

800 [300, 1,200]

1,000 [800, 1,800]

< 0.001

Blood transfusion, n (%)

304 (61.9)

252 (58.6)

53 (86.9)

< 0.001

Intraoperative hypotension, n (%)

67 (13.6)

57 (13.3)

10 (16.4)

0.514

Crystalloid (ml), median [IQR]

1,500 [1,000, 2,000]

1,500 [1000, 2,000]

2,000 [1,500, 2,500]

0.001

Colloid (ml), median [IQR]

1,000 [500, 1,000]

1,000 [500, 1,000]

1,000 [1,000, 1,500]

0.002

Duration of surgery (ml), median [IQR]

212 [162, 270]

210 [160, 265]

240 [200, 315]

0.002