| Placebo group (n = 20) | Dexmedetomidine group (n = 20) | Ketamine group (n = 20) | P-value |  |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age/year | 69.41 ± 4.7 | 70.01 ± 3.8 | 71.15 ± 3.9 | = 0.371 |  |
P-value | I vs. II = 0.247 | II vs. III = 0.910 | I vs. III = 0.205 |  | |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | = 0.262 | Â |
 Female | 8 (40%) | 5 (25%) | 10 50%) |  | |
 Male | 12 (60%) | 15 (75%) | 10 (50%) |  | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.91 ± 2.8 | 25.96 ± 2.2 | 27.09 ± 2.1 | = 0.278 | |
P-value | I vs. II = 0.211 | II vs. III = 0.137 | I vs. III = 0.810 | ||
ASA | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 I | 17 (85%) | 16 (80%) | 14 (70%) | = 0.503 | |
 II | 3 (15%) | 4 (20%) | 6 (30%) |  | |
Type of surgery | Â | Â | Â | = 0.884 | Â |
 Orthopaedic | 8 (40%) | 4 (20%) | 5 (25%) |  | |
 Plastic | 1 (5%) | 1 (5%) | 1 (5%) |  | |
 Urologic | 2 (10%) | 3 (15%) | 2 (10%) |  | |
 Gastrointestinal | 9 (45%) | 12 (60%) | 12 (60%) |  | |
Length of surgery (min.) | 95.40 ± 20.1 | 95.01 ± 18.4 | 69.01 ± 16.3 | < 0.001 |  |
 P-value | I vs. II = 0.946 | II vs. III < 0.001 | I vs. III < 0.001 |  | |
Anesthesia duration (min.) | 121.75 ± 19.5 | 121.70 ± 20.4 | 90.75 ± 18.2 | < 0.001 |  |
 P-value | I vs. II = 0.994 | II vs. III < 0.001 | I vs. III < 0.001 |  | |
Extubation time (min.) | 14.25 ± 2.7 | 12.80 ± 3.4 | 10.10 ± 2.8 | < 0.001 |  |
 P-value | I vs. II = 0.130 | II vs. III = 0.006 | I vs. III < 0.001 |  | |
Total fentanyl dose during operation (µg) |  |  |  | ||
 | 85.01 ± 17.8 | 81.25 ± 14.5 | 86.25 ± 17.2 | = 0.813 |  |
 P-value | I vs. II = 0.644 | II vs. III = 0.538 | I vs. III = 0.878 |  |