Table 3 The risk factors of moderate to severe acute postoperative pain in previous studies
Study (year) | Country | Number of patients | Type of surgery | Risk factors / protective factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Vasilopoulos et al. (2021) | USA | 360 | mixed surgery | younger age, female gender, higher anxiety, and more pain behaviors. |
Sun et al. (2020) | China | 1164 | thoracic surgery | younger age, high BMI, preoperative pain, smoking history, and number of chest tubes. |
Abrecht et al. (2019) | USA | 126 | orthopaedic surgery | temporal summation of pain, high BMI, number of previous knee surgeries, and female gender. |
Zaslansky et al. (2018) | International | 14,334 | orthopaedic surgery | female gender, younger age, high BMI, chronic pain, and opioid use before surgery. |
Hartwig et al. (2017) | International | 192 | gastric surgery | younger age and preoperative pain. |
Borges et al. (2016) | Brazil | 1062 | cesarean section | preoperative anxiety, intrathecal morphine with fentanyl#. |
Liu et al. (2012) | USA | 897 | orthopedic surgery | female gender, younger age, high BMI, preoperative pain, preoperative use of opioids, general anesthesia, preoperative use of anti-convulsants and anti-depressants, and prior surgery at the surgical site. |