Table 1 The demographic and perioperative characteristics of all enrolled patients

Demographics

Sex

0.3378

0.5611

Male

201

86

115

Female

126

49

77

Age, years

51.63 ± 14.38

48.47 ± 14.14

53.84 ± 14.16

3.3781

0.0008

BMI, kg/m²

24.66 ± 3.92

24.27 ± 4.12

24.93 ± 3.76

1.4772

0.1408

Perioperatives

ASA score

8.8704

0.0029

I or II

218

77

141

III or IV

109

58

51

Surgical score

0.55496

0.4563

I or II

35

17

18

III or IV

292

118

174

Timing of surgery

11.634

0.0006

emergency surgery

62

38

24

elective surgery

265

97

168

Type of surgery

4.7037

0.0301

open surgery

289

126

163

endoscopic surgery

38

9

29

Surgical site

6.5915

0.0861

spinal area

130

59

71

joint

51

24

27

limb bones

90

27

63

muscles and soft tissues

56

25

31

History of surgery or anesthesia

0.5876

0.4434

yes

86

32

54

no

241

103

138

Preoperative VAS score

0 (0-0)

0 (1-0)

0 (0-0)

-0.8729

0.3827

History of depression or anxiety

2.3131

0.1283

yes

12

8

4

no

315

127

188

Indwelling urinary catheters

14.806

0.0001

yes

227

110

117

no

100

25

75

Indwelling drains

2.2149

0.1367

yes

300

128

172

no

27

7

20

PCIA

2.444

0.118

yes

272

118

154

no

55

17

38

Nerve blockade

0.7377

0.3904

yes

49

17

32

no

278

118

160

Arteriovenous catheterization

14.299

0.0002

yes

80

48

32

no

247

87

160

Secondary surgery in a short period

4.9972

0.0253

yes

19

13

6

no

308

122

186

Duration of surgery, minutes

124 (170-80)

135 (185-104.5)

110 (159.25-72)

11.0483

7.286e-05

Blood loss during surgery, ml

150 (400-100)

200 (475-100)

150 (300-57.5)

11.1878

9.011e-05

Time from withdrawal of medicine to awake, minutes

15.77 ± 3.76

15.10 ± 3.81

16.24 ± 3.66

2.7464

0.006

Preemptive analgesia

0.21917

0.6397

yes

243

98

145

no

84

37

47

Immobilization

29.615

5.27e-08

yes

104

66

38

no

223

69

154

Intraoperative blood transfusion

10.794

0.0010

yes

95

53

42

no

232

82

150

Sufentanil consumption, µg

45 (50-40)

50 (60-40)

40 (50-35)

11.8357

0.0003

Remifentanil consumption, mg

1.2 (1.5-0.8)

1.2 (1.7-1)

1 (1.5-0.7)

-3.2160

0.0013

Propofol consumption, mg

700 (875-475)

700 (900-500)

575 (850-400)

-3.0314

0.0024

Sevoflurane consumption, ml

30 (40-15)

30 (45-22.5)

25 (40-15)

-3.7777

0.0002

Rocuronium consumption, mg

90 (120-65)

100 (125-70)

80 (120-57.5)

-2.9820

0.0029

Tourniquet during surgery

52.177

5.071e-13

yes

65

53

12

no

262

82

180