Effect of preoperative patient education and simulated mouth breathing training on opioid requirements in the post-anesthesia care unit after nasal surgery: a randomized controlled study

Table 1 Patient characteristics

Parameter	Control group (N = 53)	Education group (N = 51)	p value
Age (yr)	49 [39–58]	47 [ 32–57]	0.240
Height (cm)	165.6 ± 9.7	169.3 ± 9.0	0.047
Weight (kg)	67.7 ± 13.9	71.2 ± 14.3	0.204
BMI (kg·m^− 2)	24.5 ± 3.6	24.7 ± 3.5	0.829
ASA physical status (I : II) (%)	16 : 37 (30.2% : 69.8%)	16 : 35 (31.4% : 68.6%)	0.896
Male: female	31 : 22 (58.5% : 41.5%)	37 : 14 (72.6% : 27.5%)	0.132
Comorbidity (%)
Hypertension	10 (18.9%)	4 (7.8%)	> 0.99
Diabetes mellitus	3 (5.7%)	4 (7.8%)	0.713
Liver disease	3 (5.7%)	3 (5.9%)	> 0.99
COPD	2 (3.8%)	1 (2.0%)	> 0.99
Asthma	8 (15.1%)	4 (7.8%)	0.247
Allergic rhinitis	44 (83.0%)	41 (78.4%)	0.553
Obstructive sleep apnea	8 (15.1%)	9 (17.6%)	0.725
Ever smoker (Current and previous)	17 (32.1%)	26 (51.0%)	0.050
Alcohol user	23 (43.4%)	23 (45.1%)	0.861
Previous general anesthesia	28 (52.8%)	27 (52.9%)	> 0.99
Previous surgery	30 (56.6%)	29 (26.9%)	0.979
Nasal obstruction (none:uni:bi)	6 : 11 : 31 (12.5% : 22.9% : 64.6%)	4 : 16 : 29 (8.2% : 32.7% : 59.2%)	0.618

Values are the mean ± SD, median [IQR], or number of patients (%)
ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, COPD chronic obstructive disease, IQR interquartile range, SD standard deviation

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