Table 1 Characteristics of patients undergoing intra-abdominal surgery

Age (yrs.), Mean ± SD

57.5 ± 17.0

Women, n (%)

460 (42.6)

Medical history

 Hypertension, n (%)

313 (29.0)

 Diabetes, n (%)

154(14.3)

  Insulin-dependent diabetes, n (%)

42 (3.9)

 Coronary heart disease, n (%)

105 (9.7)

 Congestive heart failure, n (%)

15 (1.4)

 Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

57 (5.3)

  Ischemic stroke, n (%)

52 (4.8)

 Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

78 (7.2)

  Creatinine > 2 mg/dL, n(%)

16(1.5)

Vascular disease, n (%)

111 (10.3)

Surgery and anesthesia

 Emergent surgery, n (%)

278 (25.8)

 Complicated surgery, n (%)

98 (9.1)

 General anesthesia, n (%)

358 (33.2)

 Epidural, spinal, combined spinal and epidural anesthesia, n(%)

721(66.8)

 Surgery time (h) (median, IQR)

2.8 (1.7, 4.3)

 Blood loss (mL) (median, IQR)

100 (0, 300)