Table 2 Blood pressure (mmHg) and heart rate (bpm) at different time points

Mean difference between groups

(DEX-LP) (90%CI)

P value^‡

Mean (mmHg)

Mean difference within group

Mean (mmHg)

Mean difference within group

 BL

128.25 ± 18.36

130.26 ± 15.01

−2.019 (−7.425–3.388)

0.537

From BL

P value^†

From BL

P value^†

 BF-IND

124.83 ± 17.8

−3.415

0.060

132.28 ± 14.57

2.019

0.192

−7.453 [− 12.697 - (−2.208)]

0.020*

 AFT-IND 1

115.09 ± 19.61

− 13.151

< 0.001*

115.53 ± 18.88

− 14.736

< 0.001*

− 0.434 (− 6.639–5.771)

0.908

 AFT-IND 2

107.42 ± 19.05

− 20.830

< 0.001*

103.25 ± 17.85

− 27.019

< 0.001*

4.17 (− 1.781–10.121)

0.248

 INT

121.28 ± 22.41

−6.962

0.015*

126.92 ± 26.33

− 3.340

0.389

−5.642 (− 13.523–2.239)

0.238

 AFT-INT 1

117.66 ± 21.36

− 10.585

< 0.001*

121.4 ± 24.56

−8.868

0.014*

−3.736 (− 11.155–3.683)

0.405

 AFT-INT 2

116.15 ± 44.22

−12.094

0.073

118.62 ± 20.64

− 11.642

< 0.001*

− 2.472 (− 13.597–8.654)

0.713

 AFT-INT 4

102.47 ± 16.17

−25.774

< 0.001*

117.3 ± 21.2

− 12.962

0.001*

−14.83 [− 20.908 - (− 8.752)]

< 0.001*

 AFT-INT 6

98.96 ± 13.97

− 29.283

< 0.001*

108.96 ± 14.47

−21.302

< 0.001*

− 10 [− 14.585 - (− 5.415)]

< 0.001*

 AFT-INT 8

97.26 ± 16.56

− 30.981

< 0.001*

105.13 ± 13.45

−25.132

< 0.001*

− 7.868 [− 12.73 - (− 3.005)]

0.008*

 AFT-INT 10

96.32 ± 13.74

− 31.925

< 0.001*

105.47 ± 14.01

− 24.792

< 0.001*

− 9.151 [− 13.625 - (− 4.677)]

0.001*

 BL

77.7 ± 12.75

79.13 ± 9.92

−1.434 (− 5.117–2.249)

0.520

From BL

P value^†

From BL

P value^†

 BF-IND

75.74 ± 11.92

−1.962

0.167

80.08 ± 9.74

0.943

0.447

− 4.34 [− 7.849 - (− 0.83)]

0.043*

 AFT-IND 1

73.23 ± 12.6

− 4.472

0.025*

73.06 ± 14.51

−6.075

0.004*

0.17 (−4.21–4.55)

0.949

 AFT-IND 2

68.25 ± 14.42

−9.453

< 0.001*

64.13 ± 14.58

− 15.000

< 0.001*

4.113 (− 0.562–8.788)

0.147

 INT

78.53 ± 16.96

0.830

0.704

83.91 ± 19.77

4.774

0.105

−5.377 (− 11.316–0.561)

0.136

 AFT-INT 1

77.43 ± 16.87

− 0.264

0.917

79.26 ± 17.06

0.132

0.959

− 1.83 (− 7.299–3.638)

0.580

 AFT-INT 2

71.79 ± 14.25

− 5.906

0.011*

76.26 ± 14.72

− 2.868

0.162

− 4.472 (− 9.142–0.198)

0.115

 AFT-INT 4

66.57 ± 14.1

− 11.132

< 0.001*

75.87 ± 18.44

− 3.264

0.192

−9.302 [− 14.594 - (− 4.009)]

0.004*

 AFT-INT 6

62.45 ± 11.69

− 15.245

< 0.001*

68.66 ± 13.27

− 10.472

< 0.001*

− 6.208 [− 10.24 - (− 2.175)]

0.012*

 AFT-INT 8

60.74 ± 13.61

− 16.962

< 0.001*

66.47 ± 13.09

− 12.660

< 0.001*

− 5.736 [− 10.039 - (− 1.432)]

0.029*

 AFT-INT 10

61.42 ± 10.16

− 16.283

< 0.001*

67.11 ± 12.2

− 12.019

< 0.001*

−5.698 [− 9.318 - (− 2.079)]

0.010*

 BL

91.68 ± 13.93

92.85 ± 10.72

−1.17 (− 5.176–2.836)

0.629

From BL

P value^†

From BL

P value^†

 BF-IND

89.6 ± 12.44

− 2.075

0.139

93.25 ± 10.89

0.396

0.745

−3.642 (− 7.41–0.127)

0.112

 AFT-IND 1

83.96 ± 12.93

− 7.717

0.001*

83.21 ± 15.66

− 9.642

< 0.001*

0.755 (− 3.875–5.384)

0.787

 AFT-IND 2

79.47 ± 14.26

− 12.208

< 0.001*

74.19 ± 15.5

− 18.660

< 0.001*

5.283 (0.482–10.084)

0.071

 INT

90.74 ± 17.31

−0.943

0.689

96.64 ± 21.36

3.792

0.196

−5.906 (− 12.173–0.362)

0.121

 AFT-INT 1

88.79 ± 17.27

− 2.887

0.265

91.26 ± 17.98

−1.585

0.558

−2.472 (− 8.154–3.211)

0.472

 AFT-INT 2

81.77 ± 14.63

− 9.906

< 0.001*

88 ± 15.67

− 4.849

0.032*

− 6.226 [− 11.113 - (− 1.34)]

0.037*

 AFT-INT 4

75.55 ± 13.95

− 16.132

< 0.001*

87.02 ± 18.49

− 5.830

0.031*

− 11.472 [− 16.753 - (− 6.191)]

< 0.001*

 AFT-INT 6

72.21 ± 11.71

− 19.472

< 0.001*

79.45 ± 13.36

−13.396

< 0.001*

− 7.245 [− 11.296 - (− 3.195)]

0.004*

 AFT-INT 8

71.87 ± 14.53

−19.811

< 0.001*

77.21 ± 13.48

− 15.642

< 0.001*

− 5.34 [− 9.858 - (− 0.821)]

0.053

 AFT-INT 10

71.45 ± 10.46

− 20.226

< 0.001*

77.79 ± 12.27

− 15.057

< 0.001*

− 6.34 [− 10.015 - (− 2.664)]

0.005*

Mean difference between groups

(DEX-LP) (90%CI)

P value^§

Mean

(bpm)

Mean difference

within group

Mean

(bpm)

Mean difference

within group

 BL

74.42 ± 14.03

78.7 ± 13.55

− 4.283 (− 8.729–0.163)

0.113

From BL

P value^†

From BL

P value^†

 BF-IND

66.43 ± 15.22

− 7.981

< 0.001*

79.47 ± 13.45

0.774

0.589

−13.038 [− 17.668 - (− 8.407)]

< 0.001*

 AFT-IND 1

61.51 ± 13.69

− 12.906

< 0.001*

76.02 ± 13.36

− 2.679

0.137

− 14.509 [− 18.87 - (− 10.149)]

< 0.001*

 AFT-IND 2

60.81 ± 13.74

− 13.604

< 0.001*

73.28 ± 11.73

− 5.415

0.002*

− 12.472 [− 16.59 - (− 8.353)]

< 0.001*

 INT

70.53 ± 13.51

− 3.887

0.057

84.64 ± 16.12

5.943

0.009*

− 14.113 [− 18.909 - (− 9.318)]

< 0.001*

 AFT-INT 1

72.92 ± 12.88

−1.491

0.448

82.62 ± 14.34

3.925

0.046*

−9.698 [− 14.093 - (− 5.303)]

< 0.001*

 AFT-INT 2

71.11 ± 11.07

− 3.302

0.065

82.4 ± 13.83

3.698

0.065

−11.283 [− 15.322 - (− 7.244)]

< 0.001*

 AFT-INT 4

69.58 ± 10.82

− 4.830

0.005*

80.43 ± 13.03

1.736

0.373

− 10.849 [− 14.711 - (− 6.987)]

< 0.001*

 AFT-INT 6

67.11 ± 10.54

− 7.302

< 0.001*

78.58 ± 13.03

− 0.113

0.956

−11.472 [−15.293 - (− 7.651)]

< 0.001*

 AFT-INT 8

66.49 ± 9.27

− 7.925

< 0.001*

76.57 ± 12.64

− 2.132

0.304

−10.075 [− 13.653 - (− 6.498)]

< 0.001*

 AFT-INT 10

65.13 ± 9.86

− 9.283

< 0.001*

74.11 ± 12.37

− 4.585

0.022*

−8.981 [− 12.587 - (− 5.376)]

< 0.001*